ABSTRACT
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the pathogen responsible for the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, which has resulted in global healthcare crises and strained health resources. As the population of patients recovering from COVID-19 grows, it is paramount to establish an understanding of the healthcare issues surrounding them. COVID-19 is now recognized as a multi-organ disease with a broad spectrum of manifestations. Similarly to post-acute viral syndromes described in survivors of other virulent coronavirus epidemics, there are increasing reports of persistent and prolonged effects after acute COVID-19. Patient advocacy groups, many members of which identify themselves as long haulers, have helped contribute to the recognition of post-acute COVID-19, a syndrome characterized by persistent symptoms and/or delayed or long-term complications beyond 4 weeks from the onset of symptoms. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of the current literature on post-acute COVID-19, its pathophysiology and its organ-specific sequelae. Finally, we discuss relevant considerations for the multidisciplinary care of COVID-19 survivors and propose a framework for the identification of those at high risk for post-acute COVID-19 and their coordinated management through dedicated COVID-19 clinics.
Subject(s)
COVID-19/complications , SARS-CoV-2 , Acute Disease , COVID-19/epidemiology , COVID-19/ethnology , COVID-19/therapy , Cardiovascular Diseases/epidemiology , Cardiovascular Diseases/therapy , Humans , Patient Advocacy , Syndrome , Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome/epidemiology , Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome/therapy , Venous Thromboembolism/epidemiology , Venous Thromboembolism/prevention & controlABSTRACT
At midterm follow-up visits performed at a median of 7 months (IQR 6.0-8.4 months), 16 patients with multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children had resolution of left ventricular dysfunction and most had resolution of coronary aneurysms. On cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging, no patients had late gadolinium enhancement.
Subject(s)
COVID-19/complications , Coronary Aneurysm/diagnostic imaging , Magnetic Resonance Imaging , Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome/diagnostic imaging , Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome/physiopathology , Ventricular Dysfunction, Left/diagnostic imaging , Adolescent , COVID-19/diagnostic imaging , COVID-19/physiopathology , Child , Child, Preschool , Coronary Aneurysm/virology , Disease Progression , Female , Follow-Up Studies , Humans , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Male , Prognosis , Retrospective Studies , Ventricular Dysfunction, Left/virology , Young AdultABSTRACT
Myocardial dysfunction and coronary artery dilation have been reported in the acute setting of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus disease-2-related multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children. Through a longitudinal echocardiographic single-center study of 15 children, we report the short-term outcomes of cardiac dysfunction and coronary artery dilation in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus disease-2-related multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children.
Subject(s)
COVID-19/complications , Coronary Vessels/diagnostic imaging , Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome/complications , Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome/diagnostic imaging , Ventricular Function, Left , Adolescent , COVID-19/diagnostic imaging , Child , Child, Preschool , Coronary Vessels/physiopathology , Echocardiography , Female , Follow-Up Studies , Humans , Inflammation , Longitudinal Studies , Male , Retrospective Studies , Systole , Ventricular Dysfunction, Left , Young AdultABSTRACT
In this report, we describe the case of a 5-year-old male with SARS-CoV-2 associated MIS-C with progressive respiratory failure and vasoplegic shock requiring extracorporeal support. At presentation, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) testing for SARS-CoV-2 was negative, however, SARS-CoV2 antibody testing was positive. Multiple inflammatory markers and cardiac biomarkers were elevated. Echocardiogram demonstrated mildly depressed left ventricular function and no coronary anomalies noted. The patient required mechanical ventilation, vasopressors, and eventually extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) for profound circulatory shock and progressive respiratory failure. During his clinical course, recovery of cardiac function was demonstrated however, a middle cerebral artery infarct and left frontal subarachnoid hemorrhage was suffered which ultimately the patient succumbed to. To the best of our knowledge, this is the youngest previously healthy child who had multi-system hyperinflammatory syndrome requiring ECMO support and the first case of SARS-CoV-2 related pediatric stroke.Clinical Trial Registration: None.
Subject(s)
COVID-19 , Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation , Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery , SARS-CoV-2 , Subarachnoid Hemorrhage , Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome , COVID-19/complications , COVID-19/diagnosis , COVID-19/physiopathology , COVID-19/therapy , COVID-19 Nucleic Acid Testing , COVID-19 Serological Testing , Child, Preschool , Echocardiography , Fatal Outcome , Humans , Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery/etiology , Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery/physiopathology , Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery/therapy , Male , Subarachnoid Hemorrhage/etiology , Subarachnoid Hemorrhage/physiopathology , Subarachnoid Hemorrhage/therapy , Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome/complications , Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome/diagnosis , Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome/physiopathology , Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome/therapyABSTRACT
Although COVID-19 is most well known for causing substantial respiratory pathology, it can also result in several extrapulmonary manifestations. These conditions include thrombotic complications, myocardial dysfunction and arrhythmia, acute coronary syndromes, acute kidney injury, gastrointestinal symptoms, hepatocellular injury, hyperglycemia and ketosis, neurologic illnesses, ocular symptoms, and dermatologic complications. Given that ACE2, the entry receptor for the causative coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, is expressed in multiple extrapulmonary tissues, direct viral tissue damage is a plausible mechanism of injury. In addition, endothelial damage and thromboinflammation, dysregulation of immune responses, and maladaptation of ACE2-related pathways might all contribute to these extrapulmonary manifestations of COVID-19. Here we review the extrapulmonary organ-specific pathophysiology, presentations and management considerations for patients with COVID-19 to aid clinicians and scientists in recognizing and monitoring the spectrum of manifestations, and in developing research priorities and therapeutic strategies for all organ systems involved.
Subject(s)
Betacoronavirus/pathogenicity , Coronavirus Infections/pathology , Organ Specificity , Pneumonia, Viral/pathology , Adaptive Immunity/physiology , Betacoronavirus/physiology , COVID-19 , Coronavirus Infections/diagnosis , Coronavirus Infections/immunology , Coronavirus Infections/therapy , Disease Progression , Endothelium, Vascular/pathology , Endothelium, Vascular/virology , Humans , Inflammation/etiology , Inflammation/pathology , Inflammation/virology , Pandemics , Pneumonia, Viral/diagnosis , Pneumonia, Viral/immunology , Pneumonia, Viral/therapy , Renin-Angiotensin System/physiology , SARS-CoV-2 , Thrombosis/etiology , Thrombosis/pathology , Thrombosis/virology , Virus InternalizationABSTRACT
In December 2019, a pathogenic novel human coronavirus (HCoV), termed SARS-CoV-2, was recognized in Wuhan, China, causing significant morbidity and mortality. The illness caused by SARS-CoV-2 is labelled coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) by the World Health Organization. We report the first case of COVID-19 in an adult congenital heart disease patient with single ventricle physiology S/P Fontan palliation. (Level of Difficulty: Advanced.).